Category: Uncategorized

Previous post on the topic of genetic differences in the cannabinoid system: Is it Addiction or Starvation?. Excerpt:

Substance abusers likely quit using and relapsed again more times than anyone cares to count. every single time a chronic user runs out of their substance of choice they are “quitting” until they get more. 

Do you blame a hungry person for eating breakfast in the morning? Should a person just “quit eating” if they have an overeating disorder? Answer: No. 

• Cannabinoids might help some types of eating disorders and some types of drug or alcohol addictions by providing an essential nutrient that the person might not be able to make. 
• If the body can’t make an important substance or convert substances into active forms then it becomes an essential nutrient – essential for that specific person’s daily diet.

[…]

The problem with addiction to some substances or to eating excess food for some cases of over eating disorders is an underlying inability to make the cannabinoids but a remaining need for them and a hunger, an urge for “something,” something that is unknown however. And what people choose to consume in order to try to quench that unknown hunger varies from food and alcohol, to the rest of the drugs that are commonly abused. 

Dietary sources are needed instead. However our food supply has limited sources. Vine ripened produce or lemon oil, rich in aroma, are examples of a food containing cannabinoids or a similar group of aromatic and medicinal phytochemicals called terpenes. Chocolate and the herb rosemary are two other food sources. The spices cardamom, cloves, and nutmeg are also sources. Non-euphoric cannabinoids also exist and may have medicinal benefits depending on the patient’s condition. Copaiba oil is a food grade essential oil that can have non-euphoric cannabinoid content with medicinal benefits.

Wouldn’t it be nicer to tell starving people that they are starving rather than that they are poorly motivated? 

~~~ end of excerpt.

Wouldn’t it be nicer to hand starving people safe foods or supplements of what they need? before chronic degenerative changes occur that can’t be reversed, such as nerve paralysis?

Worse things are also said about people who use marijuana and criminal charges can occur. Reefer madness advertising and other media spread the image of marijuana being something of jazz nightclubs and black men who might be a danger to your women, along with the marijuana that would turn her wild. — It does decrease inhibition and increase sensation so the risks are greater for making reckless mistakes. Caution. Also caution about believing media distortion – it might be for political or corporate profit goals.

The marijuana culture tends to be a sharing one – people who are regular users may relate to each other through a common understanding of the body and mood relief that can occur when you really can’t make your own cannabinoids.

Mental health awareness – we are all more susceptible to reckless decisions/non-decisions, going along with other’s suggestions/ when we are overly hungry, angry, lonely, or tired. (12 step group slogan HALT).

Lessons learned the hard way can help other people avoid similar problems. Sharing strategies that have helped others can help recognize problem situations and pause a moment – HALT – and think twice about making any important decisions until better rested or calm and fed.

Sharing personal stories can help show the real world problems others have had to survive somehow.

I can make reckless mistakes just from being overly stressed, tired, hungry, or lonely. Emotionally vulnerable people are at risk, people with ADHD or on the autism spectrum, or have other social or mental skill deficits can be at risk of being taken advantage of. Survivors of child sex trauma or child abuse may be more at risk of revictimization – grooming behavior means the child is being slowly raised to think something is normal behavior and even enjoyable and a treat to look forward too. What might seem like a reckless mistake may be a combination of limited skills, lack of boundaries, and physical stressors.

Anxiety and stress or fear can be major factors in panicked decision making.

Cannabinoids affect mood as modulators – may increase appetite at low amounts and decrease appetite at large doses. The balance and amount can calm anxiety or PTSD, or an excess or imbalance might cause anxiety or paranoia. CAUTION, is reasonable, especially with the modern more concentrated strains and products.

The anxiety of cannabinoid deficiency can be quite severe, or withdrawal if the person gets withdrawal symptoms, can also be bad in an anxious jittery kind of way. Other users understand and will ‘catch you a buzz,’ knowing you or other people will share their relaxing herb with you on another day.

Reefer Madness was a movie made to instill a negative image in public opinion of the marijuana/cannabis plant. Hemp cannabis plants were also being grown and used extensively as a fiber source for making rope and paper. Paper industry ran newspaper articles and ads that added to the reefer madness narrative.

It certainly deserves some cautions and guidance, especially with the more potent modern medical strains of marijuana. Risks can include the increase in reckless behavior due to reduced inhibition (yes, cannabis was involved in the tattoo decision-making), also perception and memory can be affected. Some things may stand out vividly, important, larger than life, while other things may be a little distant and foggy, indistinct and the memories form similarly. Decision making is also impaired by slowness sometimes, something might be said and in the fogginess you let it go, but then as the words repeat in memory, you realize that you didn’t agree and might have said so if less foggy from marijuana.

Paranoia and anxiety can be mental symptoms of excess THC, and/or the imbalance of THC without the calming effects of CBD and terpenes like limonene and pinene. Real lemon or lime juice/oil or citrus peel products may help with an anxiety reaction as they are a good source of limonene.

Whole marijuana products can cause differing effects due to the different terpenes within the plant strain. Myrcene-sleepiness, pain relief; Limonene & pinene – calming, anti-anxiety.

Sleepiness is promoted by the myrcene content of some strains, it also is a terpene with medicinal effects.

“Myrcene, better known as the active sedating principle of hops and lemon grass, is also found in basil, mangos, and its namesake, Myrcia sphaerocarpa, a medicinal shrub from Brazil traditionally used to treat diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, and hypertension (Ulbricht, 2011). ” (Hartsal, et al.)

Excess THC can cause physical effects that might seem like a panic attack, but which will subside. Limonene, lemon or lime oil products, may help reduce the effects.

Physical symptoms of excess THC can include a racing heart rate which might add to a sense that there is a panic situation or something to fear, as a racing heart rate is also a part of the feeling of fear. Feeling quite cold may also be a symptom of excess THC. Hunger can occur at lower doses of THC along with the ‘munchies’ – eating way more than typical of something sweet or salty or an odd mix of foods. At higher doses of THC the opposite might occur, a lack of appetite and even nausea or vomiting.

Physical symptoms of THC can include increased libido – feeling frisky, relaxing inhibition, slowing reaction time, odd thinking leading to poor decisions – marijuana is a risk for date rape/bad experiences. It doesn’t affect the memory as significantly as a blackout drunk or ‘roofie’ type date rape drug, however it may leave incomplete or distorted memories where some things stand out and others are fuzzy impressions.

With reduced inhibitions and increased risk of impulsive behavior, caution is needed with when and where, and with who you are using medical marijuana products.

You need a safe place, and safe people around, when consuming medical marijuana in quantities that cause changes in perception. “Come on back to my place and share a bowl” – danger, going into someone’s private space may be taken as a yes for anything else that occurs, or if a yes had been said in the past it might be taken as a yes into the future. Sharing a bowl means sharing the marijuana induced reduction in inhibitions – safer to not enter private space, yet illegal substance to many people and not to be used in public view even with the legalization in some states. <shrug> Progress takes time, caution is reasonable, there can be some potential risks to avoid, including personal stupidity.

Blaming everything on use of marijuana is wrong though, personal vulnerabilities are a risk too, mentioned earlier. Hyperthyroidism is also associated with mania, grandiose thinking and reckless sexual activity, and divorce is common. I had stress, fear to a point near panic, and was placed on a new psychiatric medication at one of largest doses – all can affect decision making negatively.

Caution also though with thinking medical marijuana use is an addiction.

Type 1 diabetes patients have a need for insulin because they can’t make it for themselves – some marijuana patients genetically or due to age or other reasons can’t make endocannabinoids for themselves. Paralysis can be a long term risk of deficiency.

One of the modulating functions of cannabinoids is brain cell maintenance – support the continuing growth of frequently used cells and take away growth support for cells that aren’t being used regularly anymore (practice daily the things that you care about).

“Cannabinoids form a singular family of plant-derived compounds (phytocannabinoids), endogenous signaling lipids (endocannabinoids), and synthetic derivatives with multiple biological effects and therapeutic applications in the central and peripheral nervous systems. One of these properties is the regulation of neuronal homeostasis and survival, which is the result of the combination of a myriad of effects addressed to preserve, rescue, repair, and/or replace neurons, and also glial cells against multiple insults that may potentially damage these cells.” (14)

Caution with use of marijuana – and caution thinking that it is just an addiction or the only factor in someone being vulnerable to sexual manipulation. I have made mistakes, change was needed though and the lessons I learned were needed. Dangerous things happened to me, and I am thankful that I learned more caution before worse things might have happened.

Hyperthyroidism and elevated histamine levels can also lead to mental health symptoms that include mania and increased impulsive behavior. There can be other causes too. People who seek out cannabinoids may find that it helps them to feel more stable. Cannabinoids can inhibit the mast cells which when over active can cause elevated histamine, cannabinoids can also cause a release of histamine. Balance of the different types are important. (2) Cancer tissue also can involve changes in metabolism and possibly histamine levels. (1) Cannabinoids can be helpful for preventing and treating cancer.

Cancer may involve an excess of histamine followed by too little histamine in later stages.

Cancer is frequently associated with weight loss and muscle breakdown, a condition called cancer cachexia. A team has hypothesized that histamine excess may involved in early taste, smell and sleep symptoms also seen with cancer, and a loss of appetite, anorexia, and later stages of severe tissue wasting might involve a drop in histamine. (1)

“Aberrant histamine signaling not only triggers energy-consuming processes, but also anorexia. Moreover, since functions such as taste, smell, and sleep are governed by discrete structures of the brain, which are targeted by distinct histaminergic neuron populations even relatively minor symptoms of cachexia, such as sleep disturbances and taste and smell distortions, also might be ascribed to aberrant histamine signaling. In late stage cachexia, the sympathetic tone in skeletal muscle breaks down, which we hypothesize might be caused by a reduction in histamine signaling or by the interference of other cachexia related mechanisms. Histamine signaling thus might delineate distinct stages of cachexia progression, with the early phase marked by a PSNS-mediated increase in histamine signaling, increased sympathetic tone and symptomatic adipose tissue depletion, and the late phase characterized by reduced histamine signaling, decreased sympathetic tone and symptomatic muscle wasting.  ” (1)

Elevated histamine can have an excitatory effect, hyper-excitable to the point of mania or depression and even suicide – whatever the mood, it might be escalated to extremes as histamine normally has a modulating control. Cannabinoids can have an inhibiting, calming effect on the synaptic junctions between nerve cells and inhibit nerve signals, not just mast cells. “Due to their presynaptic/terminal location, cannabinoid receptors can inhibit synaptic transmission and have the potential to regulate neurogenic inflammation.” (3) Someone with mast cell overactivity and histamine excess might be wanting cannabinoids from marijuana because it helps calm them — it might also be helping prevent early stages of cancer cachexia too if histamine excess is a factor in that. Adequate histamine is protective against colorectal cancer. (4)

Histamine and excess mast cells are also involved in pancreatic cancer.

“Recent findings indicate that the activation of granulocytes and macrophages in pancreatitis results in the release of a number of cytokines and inflammatory mediators and an important inflammatory mediator, the mast cell, secretes histamine as well as other chemotactic molecules and inflammation activators (29–31). Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pain in other conditions and some have hypothesized that mast cells and histamine secretion play a role in the pain of chronic pancreatitis, which is characterized by mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration (27,32–34). Interestingly, it has been shown that humans with painful chronic pancreatitis have an increased number of pancreatic mast cells compared to those with painless chronic pancreatitis (27).” (5)

Histamine is a vasodilator, increasing membrane permeability in the brain and other organs of the body.

Histamine also increases vascular permeability in pancreatic inflammation, suggesting it would also affect brain membrane permeability.

“As histamine has been confirmed to be a potent vasodilator, histamine may possibly be an important factor to study in increased vascular permeability in pancreatic inflammation (28,38).” (5)

Yes, histamine does increase permeability of the blood brain barrier: “Histamine is one of the few central nervous system neurotransmitters found to cause consistent blood-brain barrier opening.” (6)

Cannabinoids could be helping inhibit mast cell activation, reducing histamine levels, which would decrease blood brain barrier permeability protecting against entry of more inflammatory chemicals.

Nutrients work as a team – niacin also is important for reducing vascular inflammation.

Niacin or nicotinic acid is involved in energy production within mitochondria and can help reduce inflammation by turning it into the heat of a skin flushing reaction that is similar to the reddening warmth of an allergy reaction – both involve mast cells and histamine. Plentiful supplies of niacin help the body transform the inflammatory oxidative stress chemicals into more benign forms. Niacin also helps down regulate the production of inflammatory chemicals formed via the Nf-Kb pathway. (7)

Niacin is involved in our ability to burn lipids for warmth or energy in the brown or white adipose tissue (BAT & WAT), (8), mentioned in the cancer cachexia hypothesis as possibly being overactive, adding to unwanted weight loss, and due to an increase in histamine levels. (1)

Activation of the receptor for niacin causes a decrease in breakdown of triglycerides to free fatty acids, which would lead to lower blood lipid levels: “…the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A has been identified to be a receptor for niacin.” […] “Activation of GPR109A upon binding niacin functions in a G protein-coupled manner to decrease cAMP production, resulting in decreased hormone-sensitive lipase activity and reduced hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids (11., 12., 13.).” (10)

The warmth of the skin flushing reaction of niacin involves the niacin receptor and the release of chemicals, prostaglandin D2 and E2. “Recent studies have indicated that niacin-induced flushing was mediated by GPR109A through the release of prostaglandin D₂ and prostaglandin E₂ (14, 15).” (10) Prostaglandins are made from arachidonic acid which can be part of cannabinoid molecules. It is released from the phospholipid end when the cannabinoid is released from the membrane. Elevated levels of arachidonic acid being present can suggest cannabinoid breakdown is also elevated.

“Prostaglandins and thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂), collectively termed prostanoids, are formed when arachidonic acid (AA), a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid, is released from the plasma membrane by phospholipases (PLAs) and metabolized by the sequential actions of prostaglandin G/H synthase, or cyclooxygenase (COX), and respective synthases.” (13)

The niacin receptor, GPR109A, is regulated by G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, (GRK2), Gi, and Arrestin3. (10) Cannabinoid receptors are also G-protein coupled receptors.

• GRK2 also regulates Type 2 Cannabinoid receptors. (11)
• The arrestin proteins regulate light receiving rhodopsin, a G-protein coupled receptor and may also activate cannabinoid receptors, more needs to be learned. Cancer cell types frequently have increased cannabinoid receptors, yet providing cannabinoids can help treat cancer. (12)
• Gi are a group of G protein alpha subunits; G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins which can act as a activating switch inside of cell for other functions, that can be activated from an external receptor, such as niacin activating the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109A; or anandamide/THC and 2-AG/CBD activating the Cannabinoid Receptors Type 1 or 2; or a photon of light activating a rhodopsin protein.

The body is a complex team of chemicals that somehow work together in a way that allows most of us to walk and talk and function – stopping cancer and fighting virus is part of that daily function.

Lack of niacin may increase risk of cancer as it leads to depletion of NAD+ and dysfunction of the mitochondria’s ability to produce energy by oxidation of glucose. (9) Mitochondria switch to producing energy by fermenting glucose or glutamate without oxygen – a change that is associated with the mitochondria in cancer cells.

Adequate niacin and cannabinoids in balance and magnesium are all involved in the phagocytosis of infected or cancerous cells or other toxic cellular debris or proteins. The nutrients are reused by the cell or detoxified and eventually excreted in a process called by a few names, autophagy and apoptosis, lysosomal engulfment of cellular debris, or phagocytosis – engulfment of a smaller cell.

Is the desire for or use of marijuana an addiction or starvation? It seems to fall into the category of conditionally essential nutrients – essential for health for some conditions – those who can’t make them internally. It might also refer to nutrients that we can make but which we need in such large amounts that some must be obtained from the diet – such as nucleotides.

Disclaimer: Opinions are my own and the information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individual health guidance. Please see a health professional for individual health care purposes.

Reference List

1. Zwickl H, Zwickl-Traxler E, Pecherstorfer M, Is Neuronal Histamine Signaling Involved in Cancer Cachexia? Implications and Perspectives. Frontiers in Oncology, Vol 9, 2019, pp 1409, DOI=10.3389/fonc.2019.01409 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2019.01409/full
2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01674.x
3. McKenna M, McDougall JJ. Cannabinoid control of neurogenic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2020; 177: 4386– 4399. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15208https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.15208
4. Friend and foe: Histamine mediates allergies and can fight colorectal cancer. Dec 19, 2017, blogs.bcm.edu, https://blogs.bcm.edu/2017/12/19/friend-and-foe-histamine-mediates-allergies-and-can-fight-colorectal-cancer/
5. Taylor F, Graf A, Hodges K, et al., Histamine regulation of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: a review of recent findings. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2013;2(4):216-226. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2013.08.06 https://hbsn.amegroups.com/article/view/2606/3490
6. Abbott NJ. Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2000 Apr;20(2):131-47. doi: 10.1023/a:1007074420772. PMID: 10696506. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10696506/
7. Si, Yanhong & Zhang, Ying & Zhao, Jilong & Guo, Shoudong & Zhai, Lei & Yao, Shutong & Sang, Hui & Yang, Nana & Song, Guohua & Gu, Jue & Qin, Shucun. (2014). Niacin Inhibits Vascular Inflammation via Downregulating Nuclear Transcription Factor-κB Signaling Pathway. Mediators of inflammation. 2014. 263786. 10.1155/2014/263786. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263710300_Niacin_Inhibits_Vascular_Inflammation_via_Downregulating_Nuclear_Transcription_Factor-kB_Signaling_Pathway
8. Ye, L., Cao, Z., Lai, X., Wang, W., Guo, Z., Yan, L., Wang, Y., Shi, Y. and Zhou, N. (2019), Niacin fine‐tunes energy homeostasis through canonical GPR109A signaling. The FASEB Journal, 33: 4765-4779. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201801951R https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.201801951R
9. Kirkland, James. (2003). Niacin and Carcinogenesis. Nutrition and cancer. 46. 110-8. 10.1207/S15327914NC4602_02. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8945953_Niacin_and_Carcinogenesis
10. Guo Li, Ying Shi, Haishan Huang, Yaping Zhang, Kuangpei Wu, Jiansong Luo, Yi Sun, Jianxin Lu, Jeffrey L. Benovic, Naiming Zhou, Internalization of the Human Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A Is Regulated by Gi, GRK2, and Arrestin3*, J of Biological Chem, Vol 285, Issue 29, 2010, pp 22605-22618, ISSN 0021-9258, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.087213 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925820602940
11. Lu C, Shi L, Sun B, Zhang Y, Hou B, Sun Y, Ma Z, Gu X. A Single Intrathecal or Intraperitoneal Injection of CB2 Receptor Agonist Attenuates Bone Cancer Pain and Induces a Time-Dependent Modification of GRK2. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Jan;37(1):101-109. doi: 10.1007/s10571-016-0349-0. Epub 2016 Mar 2. PMID: 26935064.
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26935064/
12. Duo Zheng, Ann M. Bode, Qing Zhao, Yong-Yeon Cho, Feng Zhu, Wei-Ya Ma and Zigang Dong, The Cannabinoid Receptors Are Required for Ultraviolet-Induced Inflammation and Skin Cancer Development, Cancer Res May 15 2008 (68) (10) 3992-3998; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6594 https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/10/3992
13. Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(5):986-1000. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207449 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081099/#:~:text=Prostaglandins%20are%20lipid%20autacoids%20derived%20from%20arachidonic%20acid.&text=They%20are%20generated%20from%20arachidonate,for%20inhibition%20of%20COX%2D2.
14. Fernández-Ruiz J, Moro MA, Martínez-Orgado J. Cannabinoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Stroke/Brain Trauma: From Preclinical Models to Clinical Applications. Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12(4):793-806. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0381-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604192/

I have been experiencing blood vessel breakdown and edema – in my fingertips, since stopping THC (medical marijuana) to travel in non-legal states, I continued CBD though. My genetics make me equivalent to a knockout mouse – I can’t make endocannabinoids & need an external source. Medical marijuana products have the most, a few foods or spices have a little. (Symptoms of Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency & Phospholipid food sources (post))

Gist of my Thread * – hypoxia, low oxygen, plus low THC/anandamide -> increased blood vessel breakdown. My solution was to increase motion in my fingers – ‘jazz hands’ & hold the steering wheel very gently. My fingers hurt, still do. Haven’t gotten back on THC yet. *The pain got better when I got back to using medical marijuana. (*This post is based on a Twitter Thread I wrote Sept 1,, 2020, and added too Sep 18, 2020; more recent info reminded me of it and led to this post)

The Endocannabinoid system has a role in vascular health and regulation of inflammation.

Summary point – excess inflammation causes breakdown of the cell membranes to release stored endocannabinoids for use as messenger chemicals – able to directly cause actions or after having been transformed into another chemical such as eicosanoids. Endocannabinoids are also used within membranes and release of too many can cause membrane breakdown.

“Anandamide (natural cannabinoid) boosts the body’s Nitric oxide, helping: muscular tone of blood vessels, healthy insulin secretion, healthy muscular tone of our airway pathways, a healthy digestive tract, & new blood vessel & healthy nerve development. ” – Dr. Caplan, @drcaplan. (16)

Anandamide is the THC equivalent endocannabinoid and has also been found protective of the blood vessel membranes involved in the blood brain barrier, (17) – what protects our heart helps protect our brain and lungs too. They are the three critical organs most protected during a drowning in freezing water situation. We have instinctual responses that help protect our brain’s circulation at the expense of blood flow reaching our fingers and toes. During a freezing incident damage to fingers and toes can be extensive and lead to amputations of some of the frozen digits.

Low oxygen levels can affect blood vessels by affecting the cannabinoid system. (3)

Cannabinoid control is varied, and may modulate – cause different actions based on need. The endocannabinoid system involves type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors and TRPV ion channels which are activated by different cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptor activity may lead to reduced blood flow in some situations and increase it in others, as needs change. CBD and THC can activate both CB1 and CB2 receptors and THC can also activate the TRPV channels. (3)

“Cannabinoid-induced cerebrovascular relaxation involves both a direct inhibition of smooth muscle contractility and a release of vasodilator mediator(s) from the endothelium. However, under stress conditions (e.g., in conscious restrained animals or during hypoxia and hypercapnia), cannabinoid receptor activation was shown to induce a reduction of the cerebral blood flow, probably via inhibition of the electrical and/or metabolic activity of neurons. Finally, in certain cerebrovascular pathologies (e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as traumatic and ischemic brain injury), activation of CB2 (and probably yet unidentified non-CB1/non-CB2) receptors appear to improve the blood perfusion of the brain via attenuating vascular inflammation. ” (3)

CBD oil helped protect cells during low oxygen, hypoxia, in a study regarding refractory epilepsy – resistant to treatment. ~ Fewer seizures if cells are protected from hypoxia & influx of extracellular chemicals. (1)

In addition to hypoxia – oxygen levels, the balance of cannabinoids, THC/CBD, may be important for blood vessel membranes.

“Results section: “Experimental data suggested dynamic regulation of endocannabinoids and their receptors in the vascular system [16]. Therefore, we investigated the components of the endocannabinoid system in human aorta and found significantly higher mRNA levels of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 (Figure 1(a)), CB2 (Figure 1(b)), TRPV1 (Figure 1(c)), and GRP55 (Figure 1(d)) in the aneurysms as compared to the samples from controls. Expression of related factors 5HT1A and PPARα was comparable between the groups (data not shown) Mass spectrometry measurements of endocannabinoids showed a significantly lower level of anandamide (Figure 1(c)) & a significantly higher level of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in aneurysms (Figure 1(d)). Interestingly, aneurysm samples contained a significantly lower amount of the endocannabinoid degradation product arachidonic acid (Figure 1(e)) and palmitoylethanolamide (Figure 1(f)) than the control samples. Therefore, aortic aneurysm showed not only increased level of cannabinoid receptors, but also a different amount of ligands & decreased level of of their degradation products suggesting differentiated, persistent action of endocannabinoids in the aortic wall.” – (C. Gestrich, et al, 2015) (10)

Significance – the ratio: “Mass spectrometry measurements of endocannabinoids showed a significantly lower level of anandamide (Figure 1(c)) and a significantly higher level of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in aneurysms (Figure 1(d)).” (10) >> Too little of the THC equivalent (anandamide), excess of CBD equivalent cannabinoid (2-AG).

Human Endogenous Retroviral Syncytin-1 protein is also found on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.

The protein Syncytin-1 is present in the spike of SARS-COV2 and is also part of the human genome and is involved in development of the human placenta (13) during conception and pregnancy. “Indeed, alignment of the endogenous elements Syn1 found on human chromosome 7, or Syn2 found on chromosome 6, or HERV-K expressed from chromosome 6, all show a number of sequence motifs with significant similarity to nCoV2019 spike protein.” (12) Anandamide, the THC equivalent endogenous cannabinoid, down-regulates activity of the Syncytin-1 and 2 proteins during development of the placenta. (14)

“Syncytin is the endogenous gammaretrovirus envelope that’s encoded in the human genome … We know that if syncytin … is expressed aberrantly in the body, for instance in the brain, which these lipid nanoparticles will go into, then you’ve got multiple sclerosis. The expression of that gene alone enrages microglia, literally inflames and dysregulates the communication between the brain microglia, which are critical for clearing toxins and pathogens in the brain and the communication with astrocytes. It dysregulates not only the immune system, but also the endocannabinoid system, which is the dimmer switch on inflammation.” (15)

The endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in multiple sclerosis and seems to have excess of the THC equivalent, anandamide, and too little of the CBD equivalent, 2-AG. (18)

– Might infection with SARS-CoV-2 be causing changes with the syncytin retrovirus protein in the Spike protein gene that might leave Long-Covid patients with inhibition of the endocannabinoid system and symptoms of cannabinoid deficiency? Over active mast cell symptoms and blood vessel breakdown symptoms might involve reduced cannabinoids or malfunctioning endo cannabinoid system.

Hypoxia seems involved in COVID toes/fingers – the balance of endogenous cannabinoids being produced/released from cell membranes may also be a factor.

COVID19 toes or fingers (reddened & painful) may be hypoxia combined with cannabinoid deficiency leading to worse blood vessel breakdown & even more hypoxia.

Frostbite is a bigger risk for the toes, fingers, because they already may get less circulation, especially in low oxygen & cold situations because the body can protect the brain, heart, and lung’s circulation over the rest of the body – why people can survive cold water drowning. My first job was as a Lifeguard and Water Safety Instructor & learned about frostbite & drowning for that training.

What seems like Covid fingers suddenly became a problem for me when I stopped medical marijuana a couple days ago. Pain, inflammation a little pinker, each fingertip feels bruised and hurts to touch or hold things.

In balance & inhaled, THC & CBD help preserve blood vessel membranes & reduce mast cell activation. mast cell part is in second half of this post: https://transcendingsquare.com/2020/11/10/glyphosate-increases-histamine-both-may-be-a-factor-in-covid19/… I had a little recently – it helped with sensation in my fingers, and has since – symptoms return when I discontinue use and get better when I have medical marijuana products daily. I was a medical marijuana patient while sick with untested CoV19 like infection in Feb/March 2020 and had to quit smoking as a method of intake as respiratory symptoms worsened.

Cannabinoids might help treat a SARS-CoV-2 infection but avoiding smoking it would be better with the respiratory symptoms. (11)

Raynaud’s syndrome – may be autoimmune but is still not well understood – seems like the Covid fingers/toes problem too. (9)

Getting to the point, what have I been doing for my fingers?

• Exercise-jazz hands- to increase circulation & blood flow to the fingers & am trying to hold my car steering wheel as gently as possible – bruising has occurred basically of all my finger tips. The pinkie fingers are the worst.
• I have also been trying to eat adequate protein foods as you can’t repair anything in the body without some protein building blocks. & Other nutrients, vit C, B’s, etc. also help.
• I also picked up some legal everywhere CBD oil drops. The initial pain severity has improved. ** I eventually stopped the CBD drops, we may need the THC in balance for blood vessels: aortic aneurysm was found to have an excess of the CBD equivalent and a lack of the THC equivalent endocannabinoid. (10) Cannabinoids can be released from cell membranes in inflammatory situations – leaving less stable membranes perhaps if too many cannabinoids are released from storage.
• Stress, physical or emotional, also increase cannabinoid release from membranes. Positive mental attitude, focusing on gratitude and love, has also helped. Quote: “If we have a positive mental attitude, then even when surrounded by hostility, we’ll not lack inner peace. But if our attitude is negative, influenced by fear, suspicion, or helplessness, even when surrounded by our best friends, in comfortable surroundings, we won’t be happy. ” – Dalai Lama @DalaiLama
• EMF from WiFi exposure can also increase membrane openings and excess chemical flow into cells which can lead to increased membrane breakdown, so I try to use an EMF blocking case when holding my smartphone. The finger positions where I hold the phone most often is where there are sore finger areas too.
• I have also been using my dielectric orgone blanket wrapped around the sore hands/wrist/left shoulder, about a 30 minutes or so for each area. Gets warm & may help by increasing electrical field activity which might stimulate healing. How to make one: Dielectric Orgone Blankets.
• Stretching exercises that include the shoulders may help finger numbness problems as a pinched nerve in the shoulder can increase nerve issues in the fingers, ‘pins and needles‘ or numbness & pain. See: Is Your Shoulder Pain Related to Your Numb Hands or Fingers? (2)

Cannabinoid deficiency may also increase pain signaling and… Cannabinoids are part of cell membranes & inflammation causes release of them from membrane storage. Excess release of them may also be adding to blood vessel breakdown.

Magnesium is also essential to control influx of chemicals across the cell membrane. The US standard diet may be more unhealthy for people with African ancestry, who may conserve calcium and waste magnesium more than other ethnic groups, (5), and the US diet is high in calcium and frequently can be low in magnesium. Low magnesium levels could be increasing COVID19 severity, by decreasing apoptosis capability of white blood cells (WBCs).

The genetics of renal calcium sparing at the expense of magnesium may be more common in African ancestry than other ethnic groups leaving them more at risk for low magnesium levels, and reduced ability to fight an infection.

Other APOL1 gene variants may increase risk of chronic kidney disease by 15% and the gene variants are more common in people of African ancestry. (5) The gene difference might provide increased protection against a type of parasite common in Africa: “APOL1 variants may confer resistance against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the parasite that causes African sleeping sickness.” John Herrmann, PhD, @ablT315I. The gene variants may be increasing risk for more severe COVID19 illness with renal damage. (6) Magnesium wasting might be involved, it would be more alkaline – lower acid production was found with the gene variant:  “However, a recent study suggested that the APOL1 high-risk genotype was associated more strongly with CKD progression among blacks with low net endogenous acid production (NEAP).16” (7)

Magnesium is necessary also, to help keep membrane channels closed. Without it excess as calcium or other chemicals may be able to overload the cell where the calcium acts as a stimulant & can overactivate the cell to point of cell death. One type of magnesium channel is called the MgtE. (8)
Excess calcium may flow into the cell if there isn’t an atom of magnesium to “lock” the channel “doorway.”

*Low vitamin D levels may also be more of a risk for people with darker skin tones who live in northern climates.

Disclaimer: Opinions are my own and the information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individual health guidance. Please see a health professional for individual health care purposes.

Reference List

1. Auzmendi Jeróni Magnesium is also essential to control influx of chemicals across the cell membrane. mo, Palestro Pablo, Blachman Agustín, et al., Cannabidiol (CBD) Inhibited Rhodamine-123 Efflux in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes Under Hypoxic Conditions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2020;14, 32 pages, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00032/full
2. Amy Haddad, Is Your Shoulder Pain Related to Your Numb Hands or Fingers? sports-health.com, 11/28/2016 https://www.sports-health.com/blog/your-shoulder-pain-related-your-numb-hands-or-fingers
3. Benyó Z, Ruisanchez É, Leszl-Ishiguro M, Sándor P, Pacher P. Endocannabinoids in cerebrovascular regulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310(7):H785-H801. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00571.2015 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865067/#!po=1.46104
4. Erin Cline, Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Syndrome: Can CBD help?, cbdhacker.com, Oct. 10, 2018 https://cbdhacker.com/clinical-endocannabinoid-deficiency-syndrome-can-cbd-help/
5. Dummer PD, Limou S, Rosenberg AZ, et al. APOL1 Kidney Disease Risk Variants: An Evolving Landscape. Semin Nephrol. 2015;35(3):222-236. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.04.008 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562465/
6. Juan Carlos Q. Velez, Tiffany Caza, Christopher P. Larsen, COVAN is the new HIVAN: the re-emergence of collapsing glomerulopathy with COVID-19 Nature Reviews: Nephrology, 2020; October 2020, pp 565-567 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-020-0332-3.pdf via https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1290659983890227203?s=20
7. Pike M, Stewart TG, Morse J, et al. APOL1, Acid Load, and CKD Progression. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4(7):946-954. Published 2019 Apr 4. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2019.03.022 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6611987/
8. Fei Jin, Minxuan Sun, Takashi Fujii, et al., Cryo-EM structure of the MgtE Mg²⁺ channel pore domain in Mg²⁺-free conditions reveals cytoplasmic pore opening. bioRxiv 2020.08.27.270991; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.270991 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270991v1
9. Raynaud’s Disease, medlineplus.gov, https://medlineplus.gov/raynaudsdisease.html#:~:text=Raynaud’s%20disease%20is%20a%20rare,areas%20turn%20white%20and%20blue
10. Christopher Gestrich, Georg D. Duerr, Jan C. Heinemann, et al., Activation of Endocannabinoid System Is Associated with Persistent Inflammation in Human Aortic Aneurysm. BioMed Research International, Special Issue: Novel Biomarkers and Treatments of Cardiac Diseases Volume 2015, Article ID 456582, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/456582 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/456582/
11. Sainz-Cort, A., Heeroma, J.H. The interaction between the endocannabinoid system and the renin angiotensin system and its potential implication for COVID-19 infection. J Cannabis Res, 2, 23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00030-4 https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-020-00030-4
12. profbillg1901, Response to nCoV2019 Against Backdrop of Endogenous Retroviruses. Feb 2020, https://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019-against-backdrop-of-endogenous-retroviruses/396
13. Ruebner M, Langbein M, Strissel PL, Henke C, Schmidt D, Goecke TW, Faschingbauer F, Schild RL, Beckmann MW, Strick R. Regulation of the human endogenous retroviral Syncytin-1 and cell-cell fusion by the nuclear hormone receptors PPARγ/RXRα in placentogenesis. J Cell Biochem. 2012 Jul;113(7):2383-96. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24110. PMID: 22573555. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224933500_Regulation_of_the_Human_Endogenous_Retroviral_Syncytin-1_and_Cell-Cell_Fusion_by_the_Nuclear_Hormone_Receptors_PPAR_gammaRXR_alpha_in_Placentogenesis
14. Szilagyi JT, Composto-Wahler GM, Joseph LB, et al. Anandamide down-regulates placental transporter expression through CB2 receptor-mediated inhibition of cAMP synthesis. Pharmacol Res. 2019;141:331-342. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.002 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30610963/
15. Joseph Mercola, How COVID-19 ‘Vaccines’ May Destroy the Lives of Millions. Feb 14, 2021, mercola.com, https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2021/01/31/covid-19-vaccine-gene-therapy.aspx?cid_source=twitter&cid_medium=social&cid_content=twitterhealth&cid=lead_20210131
16. Maria Grazia Signorello, Giuliana Leoncini, Anandamide Induces Platelet Nitric Oxide Synthase through AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase. Lipids Vol 53, Issue 9, Sept 2018, pp 851-861 https://aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lipd.12100?hss_channel=tw-65498903&utm_medium=social&utm_content=80709643&utm_source=twitter
17. Calapai, F.; Cardia, L.; Sorbara, E.E.; Navarra, M.; Gangemi, S.; Calapai, G.; Mannucci, C. Cannabinoids, Blood–Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265 https://www.dropbox.com/s/v4z1uumek52yesv/pharmaceutics-12-00265%20%281%29.pdf?dl=0
18. Centonze D, Bari M, Rossi S, Prosperetti C, Furlan R, Fezza F, De Chiara V, Battistini L, Bernardi G, Bernardini S, Martino G, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in multiple sclerosis and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain. 2007 Oct;130(Pt 10):2543-53. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm160. Epub 2007 Jul 11. PMID: 17626034. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17626034/
19. Mass Cell Activity and Hyperexcitable Mood, https://transcendingsquare.com/2020/11/21/mast-cell-activity-hyperexcitable-mood/

Summary – Calcification is damaging throughout the body, not just in the kidneys, and magnesium can help reverse calcification but intestinal absorption of the magnesium may be a problem, increased urinary or sweat losses may also be a problem, and/or low protein and low phospholipids in the diet or inability to make the chemicals endogenously may limit the amount of back stock of magnesium that the body can store. Background info: We can not have excess magnesium in the electrically active ionic form (or other ions). Extra magnesium is held in a non-electrically active form on protein transport molecules and the phospho-chemical ribonucleotide ATP. Other nutrients and bitter tasting plant phytonutrients may also be needed to prevent calcification – vitamins D and K, magnesium, iodine, selenium, zinc are discussed in this post.

Magnesium, in particular, is a nutrient essential for vascular health & prevention or reversal of vascular calcification (VC).

Magnesium helps for prevention and reversal of vascular calcification (VC) – plaque build up along vessel walls of deposits of calcium and cholesterol which leads to stiffening and dysfunction of the vessels. Cholesterol buildup in the blood vessels was wrongly blamed exclusively on fat in the diet and cholesterol from eggs initially and people were instructed to not eat eggs and other cholesterol rich foods but we can make our own cholesterol too, and eventually it was recognized that excess carbohydrates was also a causal factor of vascular calcification. It has also been shown that excess calcium (or phosphorus) in ratio to magnesium availability may also be a primary causal factor of VC; and lack of other trace minerals, zinc, iodine, selenium, or vitamin D (12) can also be risk factors for vascular calcification.

Calcification in renal tissue or other organs of the body would cause dysfunction in different ways – disrupting the function of that organ type. transcendingsquare.com/calcification. Calcification of soft tissue and blood vessels is typically a problem associated with aging but it is seen early in life for young patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis treatments and greatly increases risk of early death due to heart disease. (17)

“Medial calcification is associated with increased vascular stiffening and cardiac workload, poor coronary perfusion, and sudden cardiac death and is thought to be responsible for the high cardiovascular mortality observed in [Chronic Kidney Disease] CKD patients.⁴ Significantly, even children and adolescents on dialysis develop vascular calcification and have a vastly elevated risk for cardiovascular mortality when compared with the normal age-matched population. Strikingly, the risk in adolescence is equivalent to that of the very elderly in the general population. 2, 5” (17) *Medial calcification causes stiffening of the vessel wall but does not include plaque deposits that obstruct the interior of the blood vessel. (18)

“Chronic kidney disease (CKD) afflicts more than 10% population and is becoming a major public health problem worldwide (Denic et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2020). The prevalence of CKD in the elderly reaches to 14.3–41.3% in some countries (Susnik et al., 2017). CKD is also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications and all-cause mortality.” (19)

Both calcium and magnesium are electrically active minerals and the body has many methods to try to keep the levels of the minerals in a narrow range within the blood or cell fluid. Magnesium is kept at higher levels within cells and calcium has higher levels within the blood stream and extracellular fluid. Magnesium within cells helps inhibit calcium ion channels from opening and allowing calcium to enter from the surrounding tissue fluid.

Magnesium has inhibitory roles for several types of receptors and ion channels and within the brain. Other plant phytonutrients and vitamins, minerals, free amino acids, and nucleotides like ATP can also act as signals to cells and receptors on the cell surfaces, such as bitter taste receptors. Taste receptors can be found on the surface of immune cells, not just on the tongue, they are also found within the kidney and in the cells of the intestinal lining.

Membrane receptors can act like a lever – activate the lever on the outside of the cell and changes occur in the shape of the protein on the inside of the cell that lead to other actions occurring such as gene transcription of a specific protein type – so bitter taste receptors found in areas of the body besides on the tongue tend to be functioning as biologic machines that cause action besides a nerve signal to the brain saying “tastes bitter, don’t eat too much“. Within the kidneys bitter taste receptors can be activated by bitter tasting alkaloid phytonutrients and cause more uptake of calcium for removal in the urine output, more is included later in the post on this topic.

Cytokine types can lead to inflammatory actions or anti-inflammatory actions depending on the type. Cytokines are chemical signals that can be released by one cell to cause a change in another cell or in the original cell. Cytokines can act as signals to immune cells to activate a change in the function or type of cytokines it releases.

“Magnesium prevents osteogenic vascular smooth muscle cell transdifferentiation in in vitro and in vivo models.” (1)

“Osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key mechanism of VC. Recent studies show that IL-18 (interleukin-18) favors VC while TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin 7) channel upregulation inhibits VC. However, the relationship between IL-18 and TRPM7 is unclear.” [Vascular calcification (VC)] (2) .

TRPM7 is a magnesium membrane ion channel that is involved in embryologic development of the heart and kidneys. The TRPM7 ion channels also are involved in regulation of gene expression with the actions of an intracellular protein kinase domain. (3, 5)

Interleukin-18 is a cytokine that may be released by macrophages, dendritic cells, or the adrenal gland. It is involved in fighting infection and preventing cancerous tumor cell growth and may be increased by other stress conditions that activate the adrenal gland. Elevated levels of IL-18 lead to longer episodes of non-REM sleep which is deeper sleep and may help reduce stress effects on the body. Osteoblast produced IL-18 suppresses osteoclast bone cells, which break down bone. (7) The role of IL-18 in inflammation does seem unclear.

Renal cellular senescence (alive but stop cell division and growth of new cells) and premature aging theory of early kidney disease.

“Increasing evidence indicates that there is a striking similarity between the manifestations of progressive [Chronic Kidney Disease] CKD and aging kidney (Docherty et al., 2020; Goligorsky, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). As such, CKD is often viewed as a form of premature and accelerated aging. Aging and CKD also share many common triggers and underlying mechanisms, such as cellular senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, RAAS activation and hyperactive Wnt/β-catenin (Sturmlechner et al., 2017; Xiong and Zhou, 2019). In various animal models and human kidney biopsies, accumulation of senescent cells in different renal compartments is increasingly recognized as a common pathway leading to premature aging and CKD (Docherty et al., 2019; Docherty et al., 2020).” (19)

Children receiving renal dialysis treatment were found to have DNA damage, reduced repair of damaged DNA, and faster than normal cellular senescence in samples of their vascular smooth muscle cells. Increased calcification and osteogenic cell differentiation was also found. Medications that blocked a type of DNA damage signaling reduced both the inflammation and the calcification. Question – why are they having DNA damage and reduced repair, and accelerated cellular senescence?

“Vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from children on dialysis exhibited persistent DNA damage, impaired DNA damage repair, and accelerated senescence. Under calcifying conditions vascular smooth muscle cells from children on dialysis showed increased osteogenic differentiation and calcification. These changes correlated with activation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), an inflammatory phenotype characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Blockade of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-mediated DNA damage signaling reduced both inflammation and calcification. Clinically, children on dialysis had elevated circulating levels of osteogenic SASP factors that correlated with increased vascular stiffness and coronary artery calcification. These data imply that dysregulated mineral metabolism drives vascular “inflammaging” by promoting oxidative DNA damage, premature senescence, and activation of a pro-inflammatory SASP.” (17)

Zinc deficiency causes problems with repair of DNA damage in an animal based study. “Zinc is an essential component of numerous proteins involved in the defense against oxidative stress and DNA damage repair. Studies in vitro have shown that zinc depletion causes DNA damage.” (20) Zinc has a variety of roles in renal health and in gene transcription and will be discussed more later in the post.

Hyperphosphatemia is more common in aging, and is a risk of Chronic Kidney Disease and dialysis treatment — it is also a cause of cellular senescence in muscle cells in an animal based study. “Hyperphosphatemia is an aging-related condition involved in several pathologies. … Knocking-down ILK expression increased autophagy and protected cells from senescence induced by hyperphosphatemia.” (21) Hyperphosphatemia in renal health and calcification will also be discussed more later in the post. Hypothyroidism and iodine are also discussed. Thyroid hormone is involved in the control of phosphorus levels in blood serum and excretion or retention within the kidneys. Either hypo or hyperthyroidism can affect phosphorus levels. (22) Perhaps a combination of nutrient related problems is leading to early kidney disease.

The Thyroid Hormone Receptor when activated by T3 Thyroid hormone can increase DNA damage, seen with hyperthyroidism in an animal based study. T3 hormone also activated the ATM/PRKAA protein kinase (23) of the same type that was elevated in the children with early kidney disease, mentioned in the earlier excerpt, (17) , though the actions then performed by the kinase may be different. Interesting – noted.

“T3 induces a rapid activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)/PRKAA (adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase) signal transduction and recruitment of the NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1) and THRB to the promoters of genes with a key role on mitochondrial respiration.” (23)

Magnesium sulfate – Epsom salt can inhibit inflammatory cytokine production that can lead to bone matrix breakdown.

Adequate magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄, Epsom salt) can help inhibit IL-6 and TNF-alpha production and was found to be linked to lower Nf-Kb levels. The magnesium working intracellularly seemed to be the causal factor for the reduction in inflammatory cytokine production rather than the sulfate (prenatal/preterm birth study). (4)

Vitamin K2 is also helpful with magnesium & calcium balance and reducing stress related bone loss.

When bone cells differentiate into osteoblasts or osteoclasts it is telling the bone matrix to either release calcium and magnesium and break down bone tissue, or to store more of it in new bone tissue (osteogenesis). So chronic low magnesium levels along with calcification of vascular and other soft tissue may also be due to inflammatory cytokines signaling more release of calcium and magnesium from the bones. Stress increases chemical stress on the body and can lead to weakening of the bones with increased osteoporosis changes. Adequate Vitamin K2 can help with calcium, vitamin D and magnesium metabolism and with bone health.

Vitamin K2 supplementation did help reduce calcification in an animal based study. “Arterialization, CKD, and vitamin K antagonism all significantly increased, whereas K2 supplementation attenuated calcification in healthy rats and rats with CKD.” (16)

Vascular calcification can also involve plaque deposits that obstruct the blood vessel.

Cholesterol and fatty deposits within the blood vessels may be more like the body trying to scab over excess calcium in a form that is no longer electrically active within the blood stream, rather than primarily or exclusively a problem of too much cholesterol or other fats in the diet. Calcium deposits and fatty deposits can be found in other tissue besides blood vessels, such as renal tubules and in vascular skin conditions such as calciphylaxis (previous posts/calciphylaxis) or calcinosis.

Screening for calcium in blood vessels may help predict who is more at risk for severe heart disease:

“Analysing 52 previous studies, the international team of researchers found that people who have abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) have a two to four times higher risk of a future cardiovascular event. The study also found the more extensive the calcium in the blood vessel wall, the greater the risk of future cardiovascular events and people with AAC and chronic kidney disease were at even greater risk than those from the general population with AAC. Calcium can build up in the blood vessel wall and harden the arteries, blocking blood supply or causing plaque rupture, which is a leading cause of heart attacks and strokes.”

New research reveals early warning sign for heart disease. 14 January 2021 (24)

Causes of chronically low magnesium: certain diuretic medications, reduced kidney function, increased sweat loss, poor intestinal absorption, and low dietary intake.

Magnesium levels tend to be low in patients with kidney disease because of use of certain diuretics that cause magnesium wasting by the renal tubules, reduced function of the renal tubules at reabsorbing magnesium, and by low dietary intake. (1, previouspost) Patients with chronic kidney disease may be recommended to take a magnesium supplement three times per day equaling 1200 mg/day (15) which is about three times the RDA recommendation for normal health – chronic kidney disease is not normal health however.

Thiazide diuretics are a worse risk for magnesium wasting in the urine output (14) than “potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride.” (15)

“Maintenance therapy may require oral administration of Mg²⁺ oxide (400 mg twice daily or three times daily) for as long as the risk factors for Mg²⁺ deficiency exist. Oral Mg²⁺ gluconate (500 mg twice daily or three times daily) can also be used. In addition, there are several slow-release Mg²⁺ preparations. As noted, is also important to address the underlying cause, and if diuretic therapy is being used, consideration should be given to the use of potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride, which can increase Mg²⁺ reabsorption in the cortical collecting duct. ” (15)

“Subpopulations known to be particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of calcium include individuals with renal failure, those using thiazide diuretics (Whiting and Wood, 1997), and those with low intakes of minerals that interact with calcium (for example, iron, magnesium, zinc).”)

from: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, Jan 1, 1997 (14) (nih-reports/previouspost)

Poor intestinal absorption of magnesium can be another reason for someone having low magnesium even though there is good magnesium sources in the diet.

Use of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) foot-soaks or baths might be a gentle and effective way to increase magnesium absorption for kidney or prenatal patients (or heart disease, diabetic, or cognitive patients) in a form that bypasses any intestinal malabsorption of magnesium. Calcium may be preferentially absorbed, especially if hormone/vitamin D levels are elevated. Posts on magnesium sources and role in health: 1) Epsom Salt Foot-soaks, 2) Magnesium – essential for eighty percent of our body’s chemistry. , 3) To have optimal Magnesium needs Protein and Phospholipids too., 4) Hypomagnesemia symptoms and causes list

Health requires all of the nutrients in a good balance with each other.

Excess calcium or excess vitamin D can lead to lower magnesium absorption and various negative symptoms. (previous post) Low magnesium may also be involved in the fatigue and mitochondrial dysfunction seen in fibromyalgia, as magnesium along with NAD+ is essential for mitochondria function. (6)

Patients with diabetes are more at risk for renal damage over time and also tend to be low in magnesium. Opioid pain killers do not provide pain relief for patients with diabetes unless magnesium was also given and a larger dose of magnesium reduced pain as much or more than the opioid plus magnesium intravenous dose. See post: G3.6.1.8: If magnesium deficiency is cause of a diabetic patient’s pain, why give opioids instead?. – excerpt from effectivecare.info/G3. Stress & Relaxation a webpage that includes more information about TRP channels, magnesium and calcium, and their role in creating or reducing oxidative stress damage.

Renal health – kidney health – is a combination of adequate water, magnesium, potassium, and not too much total protein on average, and not excess sodium, calcium and phosphorus on average; as well as avoiding other kidney damaging toxins or chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Post: Make every day Kidney Appreciation Day. Other nutrients are also important for renal health including zinc, iodine, selenium, and vitamin D. For more on the topic of calcification, heart disease & magnesium, and vitamin D, zinc, iodine, and selenium see post: Links on heart disease, calcium and iodine, and/or transcendingsquare.com/calcification.

Iodine, Hypothyroidism, & the goitrogenic halides: fluoride, bromide, and chloride.

Excess fluoride, bromide, perchlorate, can interfere with iodine levels or replace it in a molecule if we have too little iodine. The fluoride, bromide, or chloride atom within the molecule wouldn’t function correctly. (effectivecare.info/G9. Iodine & Thyroid) The imbalance in iodine to other halide minerals (fluoride, bromide, or chloride) could increase hypothyroid symptoms without showing up as low levels of thyroid hormone so the problem might remain undiagnosed.

Hypothyroidism is more common among patients with chronic kidney disease than on average. “Hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients…” (12) Trace mineral deficiency can affect other nutrients or minerals absorption or actions on the body. Selenium and iodine need to be in balance for optimal health. Deficiency of selenium is linked to increased risk of kidney disease. (11)

Phosphorus in excess can be damaging to kidney health.

Excess phosphorus intake whether from the diet (carbonated beverages would be a source) or from some types of dialysis treatments can increase vascular calcification, and also deficiency of vitamin D by reducing Sirt1 protein which has beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. (12)

“Hyperphosphatemia induces [vascular calcification] VC by osteogenic conversion, apoptosis, and senescence of VSMCs through the Pit-1 cotransporter, which can be retarded by the sirt1 activator resveratrol. Proinflammatory adipocytokines released from dysfunctional perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) mediate medial calcification and arterial stiffness. Sirt1 ameliorates release of PVAT adipokines and increases adiponectin secretion, which interact with FoxO 1 against oxidative stress and inflammatory arterial insult. Conclusively, Sirt1 decelerates VC by means of influencing endothelial NO bioavailability, senescence of ECs and VSMCs, osteogenic phenotypic transdifferentiation, apoptosis of VSMCs, ECM deposition, and the inflammatory response of PVAT. Factors that aggravate VC include vitamin D deficiency-related macrophage recruitment and further inflammation responses. Supplementation with vitamin D to adequate levels is beneficial in improving PVAT macrophage infiltration and local inflammation, which further prevents VC.” (12)

“FoxO’s transcription factors are downstream signals of Sirt1, and activation of Sirt1 induces FoxO3a expression to suppresses cellular ROS…” (12)

Zinc is needed for gene transcription of bitter taste receptors & other proteins.

Trace minerals share some mineral transport proteins which is why some minerals have more impact on the level of another one such as copper and zinc.

Zinc may also be important for healthy kidneys (and body) because of involvement in gene transcription as well as in enzymes. Zinc sulfate helped prevent renal calcification in an animal based study. “ZnSO₄ increased the abundance of zinc-finger protein TNF-a–induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, also known as A20), a suppressor of the NF-kB pathway, by zinc-sensing receptor ZnR/GPR39-dependent upregulation of TNFAIP3 gene expression.” (10)

Zinc is also necessary for the body to transcribe the gene for the protein that is made into bitter taste receptors (or other types of taste and odor receptors), so if a person has poor taste and smell sensation then they may also have low zinc levels and low levels of bitter taste receptors in the kidneys (and other areas of the body). See post: Zinc, cancer, and bitter taste receptors.

Bitter taste receptors in the kidneys & plant alkaloids

Why do we have bitter taste receptors in the kidneys? because when activated they increase the removal of calcium. Alkaloid plant phytonutrients (“phellodendrine and coptisine“) have been found to activate the renal taste receptors and increase uptake of calcium as a result. (8) Caffeine is also an alkaloid phytonutrient. (9)

“Plants are the major sources of alkaloids, especially certain families of flowering plants, including Papaveraceae (poppy – [poppy seeds are a source]), Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis), Ranunculaceae (buttercups), Solanaceae (nightshades), and Stemonaceae.” (9)

The Solanaceae (nightshades) plants include tomatoes, white potatoes, eggplant, Bell peppers, tobacco, and several plants that have seeds or other plant material with toxic effects – Belladonna, Jimson weed, Nightshade, Datura, and Bittersweet. (images search results)

Phytonutrients used medicinally in Traditional Chinese Medicine and other herbal care practices are listed in this document with a few excerpts and notes: TCM and other phytonutrients for kidney health. Many medicinal herbs contain bitter tasting phytonutrients and often extracts of medicinal plants are made into medicines such as chloroquine from quinine tree bark. “Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree (Fig. 7.1). “ (13)

Baking to do list – make lemon zest poppy seeds muffins because I love them and they may be good for my renal health.

Team – magnesium sulfate, zinc, iodine, selenium, Vitamin D, protein, phospholipids.

Secondary take home point – while magnesium, and particularly topical Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) may help reverse or prevent vascular calcification within the kidneys (and rest of the body) – other nutrients may also be essential to help in that process such as zinc, iodine, and selenium. Adequate vitamin D is also essential while excess may increase calcium excess and add to problems with poor intestinal absorption. Adequate protein and phospholipids are also necessary to maintain a surplus supply of magnesium within cells.

Disclaimer: Opinions are my own and the information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individual health guidance. Please see a health professional for individual health care purposes.

Reference List

1. Anique D. ter Braake, Marc G. Vervloet, Jeroen H.F. de Baaij and Joost G.J. Hoenderop. Magnesium to prevent kidney disease–associated vascular calcification: crystal clear? Nephrol Dial Transplant (2020) 1–9 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa222 https://www.dropbox.com/s/zcjemguqe6tsjdy/gfaa222.pdf?dl=0
2. Zhang K, Zhang Y, Feng W, Chen R, Chen J, Touyz RM, Wang J, Huang H. Interleukin-18 Enhances Vascular Calcification and Osteogenic Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through TRPM7 Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017 Oct;37(10):1933-1943. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309161. Epub 2017 Aug 31. PMID: 28860220. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28860220/
3. Jingjing Duan, Zongli Li, Jian Li, Raymond E. Hulse, Ana Santa-Cruz, William C. Valinsky, Sunday A. Abiria, Grigory Krapivinsky, Jin Zhang, David E. Clapham. Structure of the mammalian TRPM7, a magnesium channel required during embryonic development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Aug 2018, 115 (35) E8201-E8210; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810719115 https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/E8201
4. Sugimoto J, Romani AM, Valentin-Torres AM, et al. Magnesium decreases inflammatory cytokine production: a novel innate immunomodulatory mechanism. J Immunol. 2012;188(12):6338-6346. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1101765 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884513/
5. Demeuse P, Penner R, Fleig A. TRPM7 channel is regulated by magnesium nucleotides via its kinase domain. J Gen Physiol. 2006;127(4):421-434. doi:10.1085/jgp.200509410 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151514/
6. Yamanaka R, Tabata S, Shindo Y, et al. Mitochondrial Mg(2+) homeostasis decides cellular energy metabolism and vulnerability to stress. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30027. Published 2016 Jul 26. doi:10.1038/srep30027 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960558/
7. Interleukin 18 – an overview, sciencedirect.com, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/interleukin-18
8. Liang J, Chen F, Gu F, Liu X, Li F, Du D. Expression and functional activity of bitter taste receptors in primary renal tubular epithelial cells and M-1 cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2017 Apr;428(1-2):193-202. doi: 10.1007/s11010-016-2929-1. Epub 2017 Feb 24. PMID: 28236092. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28236092/
9. Chen C., Lin L. (2020) Alkaloids in Diet. In: Xiao J., Sarker S., Asakawa Y. (eds) Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_36-1 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-13-1745-3_36-1
10. Voelkl, J., Tuffaha, R., Luong, T. T. D., Zickler, D., Masyout, J., Feger, M., Verheyen, N., Blaschke, F., Kuro-o, M., Tomaschitz, A., Pilz, S., Pasch, A., Eckardt, K. U., Scherberich, J. E., Lang, F., Pieske, B., & Alesutan, I. (2018). Zinc inhibits phosphate-induced vascular calcification through TNFAIP3-mediated suppression of NF-kB. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 29(6), 1636-1648. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017050492 https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/zinc-inhibits-phosphate-induced-vascular-calcification-through-tn
11. Shuang Li, Qingyu Zhao, Kai Zhang, et al., Se deficiency induces renal pathological changes by regulating selenoprotein expression, disrupting redox balance, and activating inflammation. Metallomics, 2020,12, 1576-1584 https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/mt/d0mt00165a/unauth#!divAbstract
12. Lu C-L, Liao M-T, Hou Y-C, Fang Y-W, Zheng C-M, Liu W-C, Chao C-T, Lu K-C, Ng Y-Y. Sirtuin-1 and Its Relevance in Vascular Calcification. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(5):1593. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/5/1593/htm https://www.dropbox.com/s/p0b3353ikjj6xzz/ijms-21-01593-v2.pdf?dl=0
13. Quinine: an overview, sciencedirect.com, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/quinine#:~:text=Quinine%20is%20an%20alkaloid%20derived,for%20the%20treatment%20of%20malaria.
14. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, Jan 1, 1997 http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/1997/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-Phosphorus-Magnesium-Vitamin-D-and-Fluoride.aspx
15. Kevin J. Martin,  Esther A. González and Eduardo Slatopolsky, Clinical Consequences and Management of Hypomagnesemia,  doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007111194 (JASN November 1, 2009 vol. 20 no. 11 2291-2295) http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/20/11/2291.long
16. Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Messa P, Nigwekar S. Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):168. Published 2019 Jan 14. doi:10.3390/nu11010168 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356438/
17. Pilar Sanchis, Chin Yee Ho, Yiwen Liu, et al., Arterial “inflammaging” drives vascular calcification in children on dialysis. Kidney International, Vol 95, Iss 4, April 2019, Pages 958-972 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253819300353#
18. Kin Hung Liu, Winnie Chiu Wing Chu, Alice Pik Shan Kong, et al., US Assessment of Medial Arterial Calcification: A Sensitive Marker of Diabetes-related Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications. Radiology 2012 265:1, 294-302 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.12112440#:~:text=Medial%20arterial%20calcification%20(MAC)%2C,the%20arterial%20lumen%20(2).
19. Xu Jie, Zhou Lili, Liu Youhua, Cellular Senescence in Kidney Fibrosis: Pathologic Significance and Therapeutic Strategies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11;2020, pp1898 DOI=10.3389/fphar.2020.601325 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.601325/full “Furthermore, hyperphosphatemia induced by Klotho depletion in CKD …”
20. Song Y, Leonard SW, Traber MG, Ho E. Zinc deficiency affects DNA damage, oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and DNA repair in rats. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1626-1631. doi:10.3945/jn.109.106369 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151020/
21. Sosa P, Alcalde-Estevez E, Plaza P, et al. Hyperphosphatemia Promotes Senescence of Myoblasts by Impairing Autophagy Through Ilk Overexpression, A Possible Mechanism Involved in Sarcopenia. Aging Dis. 2018;9(5):769-784. Published 2018 Oct 1. doi:10.14336/AD.2017.1214 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6147593/
22. Ana I. Alcalde, Manuel Sarasa, Demetrio Raldúa, José Aramayona, Rosa Morales, Jürg Biber, Heini Murer, Moshe Levi, Víctor Sorribas, Role of Thyroid Hormone in Regulation of Renal Phosphate Transport in Young and Aged Rats, Endocrinology, Volume 140, Issue 4, 1 April 1999, Pages 1544–1551, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.140.4.6658 https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/140/4/1544/2990299
23. Alberto Zambrano, Verónica García-Carpizo, María Esther Gallardo, Raquel Villamuera, Maria Ana Gómez-Ferrería, Angel Pascual, Nicolas Buisine, Laurent M. Sachs, Rafael Garesse, Ana Aranda; The thyroid hormone receptor β induces DNA damage and premature senescence. J Cell Biol 6 January 2014; 204 (1): 129–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201305084 https://rupress.org/jcb/article/204/1/129/37496/The-thyroid-hormone-receptor-induces-DNA-damage
24. New research reveals early warning sign for heart disease. 14 January 2021, ecu.edu.au, https://www.ecu.edu.au/news/latest-news/2021/01/new-research-reveals-early-warning-sign-for-heart-disease

From a previous post “Pomegranate peel/extract is also a source of EGCG. Pomegranate preparation tips and more information about health benefits is able on page effectivecare.info/G13. Pomegranate. It may have anti-inflammatory activity through down regulation of Fox03a (4) which is a protein that can increase oxidative stress damage in mitochondria (5) where the NAD+ chemical reactions are taking place.”

• 4. Liu S, Zhang X, Sun M, Xu T and Wang A: FoxO3a plays a key role in the protective effects of pomegranate peel extract against amikacin-induced ototoxicity. Int J Mol Med 40: 175-181, 2017 https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3003
• 5. Tseng AH, Shieh SS, Wang DL. SIRT3 deacetylates FOXO3 to protect mitochondria against oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 Oct;63:222-34. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.002. Epub 2013 May 7. PMID: 23665396. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23665396/

12. Chien-Lin Lu, Min-Tser Liao, Yi-Chou Hou, et al., Sirtuin-1 and Its Relevance in Vascular Calcification. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1593; doi:10.3390/ijms21051593 “FoxO’s transcription factors are downstream signals of Sirt1, and activation of Sirt1 induces FoxO3a expression to suppresses cellular ROS…” (12)

Addition, new research about factors that indicate senescence occurring in cells after starvation time period rather than remaining in the quiescent stage of ongoing cell division: Same difference: Predicting divergent paths of genetically identical cells. Jan 11, 2021, utsouthwestern.edu https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2021/predicting-divergent-paths-of-genetically-identical-cells.html